The correct answer is A. Vascular plants have two divisions: seedless (Gymnosperms) and seeded (Angiosperms). All vascular plants have xylem and phloem, which are the vascular tissues that transport water and minerals. All plants alternate between a haploid and a diploid generation in their life cycles. Vascular plants have a dominant diploid generation in that life cycle.

C is the correct answer. A fern's sperm use flagella to swim through water from antheridia to eggs in the archegonia and then fertilize the eggs. The fern plant that is familiar to people is the sporphyte generation. The sporophyte is the diploid portion of the life cycle. Mosses and liverworts have a gametophyte dominant generation. While pine trees have a dominant diploid generation, they do not have flagellated sperm because they do not use water to reproduce.

The correct answer is C. The style is a tube that leads from the stigma to the ovary, which is at the base of the carpel. Ovules are protected inside the ovary. The ovules will develop into seeds after fertilization. The ovary will mature and become a fruit. The fruit will protect dormant seeds and aid in their dispersal.

B is the correct answer. A lichen is a symbiotic relationship between a fungus and a photosynthetic partner. That partner is usually unicellular or filamentous green algae. The fungus usually gives the lichen its shape and structure. The fungus provides the algae with a suitable physical environment for growth. The algae provide the fungus with food.

C is the correct answer. Mycorrhizae are associations of plant roots and fungi. The hyphae of the fungus greatly increase the absorptive surface of the plant roots. The partners exchange minerals accumulated from the soil by the fungus for organic nutrients synthesized by the plant. Over 95 percent of vascular plants have mycorrhizae.

B is the correct answer. The procambium produces primary xylem and phloem. The vascular cambium eventually produces secondary xylem and phloem. The lateral meristems produce secondary vascular tissue and periderm. The apical meristems give rise to the primary plant body.

The correct answer is A. Cytokinins are synthesized in roots and transported to other organs. They stimulate germination and cell division and growth. Auxin is found in the seed embryo and in young leaves. It stimulates stem elongation and root growth. Gibberellins are found in the meristems of apical buds and roots. They promote seed and bud germination. Ethylene is a gas that increases the speed at which fruit ripens. It is also involved in abscission.

A is the correct answer. The overall equation for photosynthesis is: carbon dioxide + water = glucose + oxygen. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration form a continous cycle because the products of one process are the starting materials for the other.

The correct answer is D. An imperfect flower lacks either a gynoecium (female part) or an androecium (male part). Choices A, B, and C all contain both female and male parts.

The correct answer is A. Growth that occurs from the formation of new cells at the tips of plant is primary growth. This occurs in the apical meristems, which are located at the tips of stems and roots. The tissue that results from this growth is primary tissue (xylem and phloem).

D is the correct answer. Photoperiodism is the response of a plant to the lengths of days and nights. Plants are categorized into three types: long-day plants, short-day plants, and day-neutral plants. Phototropisms are growth responses to light. Dormancy is a condition in which a seed or plant remains inactive for a period of time.

B is the correct answer. Seed plants exhibit numerous adaptations that allow them to survive the difficulties of life on land. They developed vascular tissues, xylem and phloem, to conduct water and nutrients between roots and leaves. They evolved roots, stems, and leaves that enable them to live everywhere. And they evolved seeds. Seeds are the key adaptation in a new form of sexual reproduction that does not require standing water.

A is the correct answer. Stomata are small openings, on the undersides of leaves, which control the loss of water from leaves. They also open to allow gases to exchange in the leaf. Cuticles are a waxy, protective covering for leaves. Chloroplasts and palisade cells are the sites of photosynthesis in a plant.